Acceleration and velocity-time graphs
In a nutshell
Acceleration is a vector, and is the rate of change of velocity. Acceleration over a period of time can be calculated by determining the gradient of a velocity time graph.
Equations
DESCRIPTION | EQUATION |
Velocity | v=ΔtΔs |
Acceleration | a=ΔtΔv |
Variables
QUANTITY NAME | SYMBOL | DERIVED UNIT | SI UNIT |
| | | |
velocity | | | |
displacement | | | |
| | | |
acceleration | | | |
Acceleration
Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity. It is a vector, as it has both a magnitude and a direction. A negative acceleration is also sometimes referred to as a deceleration. It can be calculated using the following equation:
a=ΔtΔv
Note: due to this definition, an object can accelerate by changing its direction or speed, or both.
Velocity-time graphs
The motion of an object can also be expressed on a velocity-time graph. On this graph, the y-coordinate represents the instantaneous velocity of the object. The gradient of the graph represents the acceleration. If it is a straight line acceleration is constant, if it is curved the acceleration is changing.
The area under the graph is the displacement travelled. For a straight-line graph, this is easy to calculate, as the area under the graph is a series of triangles and rectangles which you can just add the area of together.
| 1. | In this section, the shape is that of a rectangle, so you would need to multiply the base and the height of the shape to find the area. | 2. | In this section, the shape is that of a triangle, so you would need to multiply the base and the height together and divide by 2. | |
Example:
The velocity-time graph of a smart car is shown in the figure below. Calculate the total distance travelled by the car in the 50 s period.
First state the equation:
distance travelled=area under the graph
Then calculate the answer:
0<t<10 s:0.5×60×10=300 m10<t<40 s:60×30=1,800 m40<t<50 s:0.5×60×10=300 marea under=300+1,800+300=2,400 m
The distance travelled by the smart car in the 50 s period is 2400 m.
Calculating displacement for changing accelerations
As described before, when the acceleration is changing, the velocity-time graph will show a curved line. This means that the area under the curve has to be estimated by drawing a series of shapes with calculatable areas (triangles, rectangles and trapeziums). The total area will be the sum of the individual shapes areas.
To get the instantaneous velocity, draw a tangent to the curve at the specified time and calculate the gradient of this tangent.