Before drawing a box plot, certain features of a data set need to be defined and calculated. This includes the quartiles, median, maximum, minimum and outliers of a given data set. The table below defines and shows the formulae to calculate each of these features where applicable for a discrete data set with $n$ entries.

feature	Definition	Formula
Lower quartile ( $Q_1$ )	The value under which $25\%$ of data points are found.	$\dfrac{n+1}{4}^{\text{th}}$ point
Median ( $Q_2$ )	The value under which $50\%$ of the data points are found.	$\dfrac{n+1}{2}^{\text{th}}$ point
Upper quartile ( $Q_3$ )	The value under which $75\%$ of the data points are found.	$\dfrac{3(n+1)}{4}^{\text{th}}$ point
Interquartile range ( $IQR$ )	The size of the range which contains the middle $50\%$ of the data points.	$Q_3 - Q_1$
Outliers	Extreme values which lie outside the normal trend of a data set which is determined by the constant, $k$ . The constant $k$ will be given or implied in a question.	Greater than $Q_3 + k(IQR)$
Outliers		Less than $Q_1 - k(IQR)$
Maximum	Highest value of data set which is not an outlier or at the boundary of an outlier.
Minimum	Lowest value of data set which is not an outlier or at the boundary of an outlier.

Note: When calculating quartiles or the median, if the data point calculated ends in $.5$ then the value of the given quartile will be halfway between the data points above and below it. If the data point calculated is any other decimal number, round up to the next data point.

Example 1

Olivia is collecting data about the ages of her friends' siblings. The answers she collects are $1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5,5,7,7,7,7,8$ . Given that there are no outliers, find the maximum, minimum, quartiles and median of ages collected.

Lower quartile	Position of $Q_1 =\dfrac{n+1}{4} = \dfrac{15+1}{4}=4^{th}$ data point $4^{th}$ value $=\underline2$
Upper quartile	Position of $Q_3 =\dfrac{3(n+1)}{4} = \dfrac{3(15+1)}{4}=12^{th}$ data point $12^{th}$ value $=\underline7$
Median	$Q_2 = \dfrac{n+1}{2} = \dfrac{15+1}{2}= 8^{th}$ data point $8^{th}$ value $= \underline5$
Interquartile range	$IQR = UQ - LQ = 7-2=\underline5$
Maximum	$\underline8$
Minimum	$\underline1$

Drawing a box plot

Drawing a box plot involves using an appropriate scale to mark all the features of a data set as defined above.

procedure

$1.$	Draw an appropriate scale and label it.
$2.$	Mark $Q_1$ , $Q_2$ and $Q_3$ with vertical lines of an equal length. Use $Q_1$ and $Q_3$ to draw a box which is separated by $Q_2$ .
$3.$	Mark on the maximum and minimum with equally sized vertical lines and connect to the box with a line.
$4.$	Use a cross ( $\text{x}$ ) to denote any outliers beyond the minimum or maximum values.

Example 2

Draw a box plot to represent Olivia's data set.

Maths; Representation of data; KS5 Year 12; Box plots

Note: Sometimes outliers and quartiles will be given but not the maximum or minimum values of a data set. In this case, the effective maximum and minimum will respectively be the largest and smallest values which are not outliers.

Comparing box plots

Box plots can be used to compare the spread of data. Use the context of the question to compare the measure of location and the measure of spread. A measure of location is usually compared using the medians and spread is usually compared using the interquartile range and range.

Example 3

The two box plots below summarise the A-level marks in $2021$ and $2022$ in a given school. Without calculating individual values, compare the box plots and give your interpretation.

Compare the plots:

The median mark for $2022$ is slightly lower than the median mark for $2021$ . The interquartile range and range for $2022$ is less than the range for $2021$ .

Interpret the data:

In $2021$ , a larger proportion of students did better in their A-levels than in $2022$ . But, students in $2022$ performed much more similarly with a tighter spread of results.

Note: Sometimes the box plots will be on different scales. Ensure to compare them against the same scale.

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What is the lower quartile?

The value under which 25% of the data points are found.

What is the upper quartile?

The values under which 75% of the data points are found.

What are box plots?

Box plots are diagrams which represent the spread and location of data.

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