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Parametric equations

Parametric equations

Parametric equations

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Further kinematics

Vector methods with projectiles

Variable acceleration in one dimension

Differentiating vectors

Integrating vectors

Application of forces

Static particles

Modelling with statics

Friction with static particles

Statics of rigid bodies

Dynamics and inclined planes

Connected particles

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Horizontal projection

Projectiles: Horizontal and vertical components

Projection at any angle

Equation of the trajectory of a projectile

Forces and friction

Resolving forces

Inclined planes

The coefficient of friction

Moments

Moments

Resultant moments

Equilibrium

Centre of mass

Tilting

Laminas

Forces and motion

Force diagrams

Forces as vectors

Forces and acceleration

Motion in two dimensions

Connected particles

Pulleys

Variable acceleration

Functions of time: Displacement, velocity, acceleration

Using differentiation to find velocity and acceleration

Maxima and minima problems

Using integration to find velocity and displacement

Constant acceleration formulae

Constant acceleration

Displacement-time graphs

Velocity-time graphs

Constant acceleration: Deriving formulae

Constant acceleration formulae: SUVAT

Vertical motion under gravity

Modelling in mechanics

Modelling assumptions

Quantities and units in mechanics

Working with vectors

Normal distribution

The normal distribution

The normal distribution: Finding probabilities

The inverse normal distribution function

The standard normal distribution

Finding the mean and standard deviation

Normal approximation to the binomial distribution

Hypothesis testing with the normal distribution

Conditional probability

Set notation

Conditional probability

Conditional probability in Venn diagrams

Probability formulae

Conditional probability: Tree diagrams

Correlation and hypothesis testing

Exponential models

Measuring correlation

Hypothesis testing for zero correlation

Hypothesis testing I

Hypothesis testing

Hypothesis testing: Finding critical values

One-tailed tests

Two-tailed tests

Binomial distribution

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The binomial distribution

Cumulative probabilities

Probability

Calculating probabilities

Venn diagrams

Probability: Mutually exclusive and independent events

Probability: Tree diagrams

Representation of data

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Box plots

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Comparing data sets

Correlation

Linear regression

Measures of location and spread

Measures of central tendency: Mean, median, mode

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Variance and standard deviation

Data collection

Population and samples

Sampling techniques

Types of data

Vectors II

3D coordinates

Vectors in 3D

Solving geometric problems

Applications to mechanics: 3D vectors

Numerical methods

Locating roots

Iteration

Staircase and cobweb diagrams

Newton-Raphson method

Numerical methods: Applications to modelling

Integration II

Integrating standard functions

Integrating f(ax + b)

Integration with trigonometric identities

Reverse chain rule

Integration by substitution

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Integration using partial fractions

Finding areas using integration

The trapezium rule

Solving differential equations

Modelling with differential equations

Differentiation II

Differentiating sin x and cos x

Differentiating exponentials and logarithmic functions

The chain rule

The product rule

The quotient rule

Differentiating inverse functions

Differentiating trigonometric functions

Parametric differentiation

Implicit differentiation

Second derivatives: Concave and convex functions

Connected rates of change

Trigonometry and modelling

Addition formulae

Using the angle addition formulae

Double angle formulae

Solving trigonometric equations: Double angle formula

Simplifying a cos x + b sin x

Proving trigonometric identities

Modelling with trigonometric functions

Trigonometric functions

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Graphs of sec x, cosec x and cot x

Solving equations with sec x, cosec x and cot x

Further trigonometric identities

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Radians

Radian measure

Arc length

Areas of sectors and segments

Solving trigonometric equations

Small angle approximations

Sequences and series

Sequences revision

Arithmetic sequences

Arithmetic series

Geometric sequences

Geometric series

Sum to infinity

Sigma notation

Modelling with sequences and series

Binomial expansion II

Binomial expansion: (1+x)^n

Binomial expansion: (a+bx)^n

Binomial expansion with partial fractions

Binomial expansion of compound expressions

Parametric equations

Parametric equations

Using trigonometric identities

Sketching parametric curves

Points of intersection of parametric curves

Modelling with parametric equations

Functions

Functions and mappings

Composite functions

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The modulus function

y = |f(x)| and y = f(|x|)

Combining transformations

Solving modulus equations

Modulus inequalities

Algebraic fractions

Operations with algebraic fractions

Partial fractions

Repeated factors

Algebraic division

Proof II

Proof by contradiction

Criticising proofs

Vectors I

Vectors

Representing vectors

Magnitude and direction of a vector

Position vectors and displacement vectors

Solving geometric problems

Modelling with vectors

Integration I

Integrating x^n

Indefinite integrals

Finding functions by integrating

Definite integrals

Area under a curve

Area under the x-axis

Area between a curve and a line

Differentiation I

Finding the gradient of a curve

Differentiation from first principles

Differentiating x^n

Differentiating functions with multiple terms

Gradients, tangents and normals

Increasing and decreasing functions

Second order derivatives

Stationary points

Sketching gradient functions

Modelling with differentiation

Exponentials and logarithms

Exponential functions

y = e^x

Exponential modelling

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Laws of logarithms

Solving equations using logarithms

Natural logarithms

Logarithms and non-linear data

Harder exponential modelling

Trigonometric equations

Angles in all four quadrants

Exact trigonometric values

Trigonometric identities

Simple trigonometric equations

Harder trigonometric equations

Equations and identities

Trigonometry

The cosine rule

The sine rule

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Trig graphs: sin x, cos x, tan x

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Binomial expansion I

Pascal's triangle

Factorial notation

Binomial expansion

Solving binomial problems

Binomial estimation

Circles

Midpoints and perpendicular bisectors

Equation of a circle

Intersection of straight lines and circles

Using tangent and chord properties

Circles and triangles

Intersection of two circles

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y = mx + c

Equations of straight lines

Parallel and perpendicular lines

Length and area

Modelling with straight lines

Transformations

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Transforming graphs

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Cubic graphs

Quartic graphs

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Points of intersection

Using the discriminant

Direct and inverse proportion

Polynomials

Functions

Expanding brackets

Factorising

Simplifying algebraic fractions

Polynomial division

The factor theorem

Equations and inequalities

Linear simultaneous equations

Quadratic simultaneous equations

Set notation and interval notation

Linear inequalities

Quadratic inequalities

Inequalities on graphs

Inequality regions

Quadratics

Solving quadratic equations

Completing the square

Quadratic graphs

Identifying the discriminant

Solving disguised quadratics

Indices and surds

Laws of indices

Negative and fractional indices

Surds

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Proof I

Mathematical structure and arguments

Disproof by counterexample

Proof by deduction

Proof by exhaustion

Explainer Video

Tutor: Alice

Summary

Parametric equations

In a nutshell

The coordinates of a point on a curve can be written as functions of a third variable. This is called the parameter and is often represented by ttt.



Parametric equations

Parametric equations may be used to define a curve, where x=p(t)x=p(t)x=p(t)​ and y=q(t)y=q(t)y=q(t). Each point on the curve will have coordinates (p(t),q(t))(p(t),q(t))(p(t),q(t)).​


Note: A given x−x-x−coordinate may correspond to more than one point on the curve.



Parametric and Cartesian equations

You can convert parametric equations into Cartesian equations using substitution.


Note: The range and domain of the cartesian function can be found using the range and domain of the parametric functions. If the parametric equations are given by x=p(t)x=p(t)x=p(t) and y=q(t)y=q(t)y=q(t) and the Cartesian equation has equation y=f(x)y=f(x)y=f(x), then:

  • The domain of f(x)f(x)f(x) will be the range of p(t)p(t)p(t).
  • The range of f(x)f(x)f(x) will be the range of q(t)q(t)q(t).


Example 1

A curve has parametric equations x=t+1x=t+1x=t+1 and y=t2−3,  −1<t<5y=t^2-3, \ \ -1\lt t\lt 5y=t2−3,  −1<t<5.

i) Find a Cartesian equation of the curve in the form y=f(x)y=f(x)y=f(x).

First, eliminate ttt:

​x=t+1x=t+1x=t+1​​

So, t=x−1t=x-1t=x−1.

y=t2−3y=t^2-3y=t2−3

This means y=(x−1)2−3‾\underline{y=(x-1)^2-3}y=(x−1)2−3​.


ii) Write down the range of f(x)f(x)f(x).

Find the range of y(t)=t2−3y(t)=t^2-3y(t)=t2−3.

This is a parabola, so it will have a minimum point of (0,−3)(0,-3)(0,−3), which occurs when t=0t=0t=0.

The maximum point in the given range is given by f(5)=52−3=22f(5)=5^2-3=22f(5)=52−3=22.


The range is −3<f(x)<22‾\underline{-3 \lt f(x) \lt 22}−3<f(x)<22​.


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Parametric equations

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FAQs - Frequently Asked Questions

How can the range of a cartesian equation be found using parametric equations?

The range will be given by the range of the parametric equation for the y-coordinates.

How can the domain of a cartesian equation be found using parametric equations?

The domain will be the range of the parametric equation for the x-coordinates.

How can parametric equations be converted into cartesian equations?

Using substitution.

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