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Presenting results using tables and graphs

Presenting results using tables and graphs

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Practical skills

The scientific method

How to plan experiments

Improving repeatability and reproducibility

Presenting results using tables and graphs

Analysing results: anomalies and correlation

Evaluating experiments

Modern analytical techniques II

NMR spectroscopy

Proton NMR spectroscopy

Chromatography

Combining analytical techniques

Organic chemistry III

Benzene: structure and combustion

Electrophilic substitution

Friedel-Crafts reactions

Phenols

Aliphatic and aromatic amines

Reactions of amines

Forming amides

Condensation polymers

Amino acids and zwitterions

Grignard reagents

Synthetic routes

Practical techniques

Percentage composition and combustion analysis

Organic chemistry II

Optical isomers and chirality

Aldehydes and ketones

Carboxylic acids: properties and reactions

Esters: formation, properties and uses

Acyl chlorides: formation and reactions

Kinetics II

Measuring rates of reaction

Determining reaction orders

The initial rates method

Rate equations and the rate constant

The rate determining step

Halogenoalkane reaction mechanisms

Activation energy and the Arrhenius equation

Transition metals

Transition metals: electron configuration and oxidation number

Complex ions: formation, shape and isomerism

Colours of inorganic ions and complexes

Chromium and its reactions

Ligand substitution reactions

Transition metals as catalysts

Redox II

Electrochemical cells and redox

Electrode potentials and calculations

The electrochemical series

Energy storage cells and hydrogen fuel cells

Redox titrations

Energetics II

Lattice enthalpies and Born-Haber cycles

Polarisation and the Pauling scale

Enthalpy change in solution

Entropy and calculating entropy change

Gibbs free energy change

Acid-base equilibria

Acids and bases

pH calculations

The ionic product of water

pH curves and indicators

Buffer solutions and calculations

Equilibrium II

The equilibrium constant

Partial pressure and gas equilibria

Le Chatelier's principle and equilibrium constants

Equilibrium I

Reversible reactions

Le Chatelier's principle

Kinetics I

Collision theory and rates of reaction

Calculating the rate of reaction

Catalysts and the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution

Energetics I

Enthalpy changes and reaction profiles

Standard enthalpy changes

Hess's Law and enthalpy cycles

Calculating bond enthalpies

Modern analytical techniques I

Mass spectrometry

IR spectroscopy

Organic chemistry I

Basic concepts of organic chemistry

Organic reactions and mechanisms

Structural isomerism

Alkanes and free radical substitution

Fractional distillation of crude oil

Fuels: combustion and emissions

Alkenes: bonding and reactivity

Stereoisomerism

Reactions of alkenes

Addition polymerisation

Halogenoalkanes and their reactions

Alcohol: classification and reactions

Oxidation of alcohols

Organic techniques

Formulae, equations and amounts of substances

The mole and Avogadro's constant

Calculations involving gases

Empirical and molecular formulae

Balancing equations

Acid-base titrations

Calculating uncertainty and errors

Atom economy and percentage yield

Inorganic chemistry and the periodic table

Group 2: ionisation energy and properties

Thermal stability of nitrates and carbonates

Chemical properties of Group 7

Reactions with halogens

Halide ion reactions

Testing for ions

Redox I

Calculating oxidation numbers

Oxidation, reduction and redox reactions

Bonding and structure

Ionic bonding

Covalent bonding

Shapes of molecules

Giant covalent and metallic structures

Electronegativity and polarisation

Intermolecular forces: types and examples

Hydrogen bonding

Solubility

Predicting structures and properties

Atomic structure and the periodic table

The atom: history, structure and isotopes

Relative masses and mass spectrometry

Electronic structure: shells and orbitals

Atomic emission spectra

Ionisation energies

Ionisation energy trends

Periodicity

Explainer Video

Tutor: Sainab

Summary

Presenting results using tables and graphs

In a nutshell

During an experiment, data is collected in the form of a table. This information is the 'raw' data and often needs to be presented in a more simple form. This often is through the use of graphs. 



Tables

Recording data in a table allows you to record all the necessary information in an organised way. Before starting an experiment it is helpful to think about headers for variables you expect to collect and any other additional information is recorded. The column headings should also include units. The table should include the data from all repeats of the experiment. 



Graphs

There are many types of graphs which can be used to show data in different ways. Graphs are a useful way of being able to see trends and overall results. The type of graph chosen depends on the data set. 


Choosing a graph

There are two types of graphs which are commonly used. 


​​Type of graph

description

example

Scatter graph
Scatter graphs are useful for continuous data. Continuous data is data which can have an infinite value.
The time taken for a solution to boil.
Bar graph
Bar graphs are useful for showing categoric data sets. Categoric data falls into distinct categories or groups.
The colour produced in a Fehling's test tube.


The graphs should contain axes which include units. It is important to also use a sharp pencil to achieve clear data points. When drawing a graph it is also important to choose a sensible scale.


Example

If you have a dataset from an experiment where the amount of water produced ranges from 0.9 ml− 45 ml0.9 \ ml - \ 45 \ ml0.9 ml− 45 ml, it would be appropriate for the axis to be 0 −50 ml0 \ - 50 \ ml0 −50 ml rather than 0 −100 ml0 \ - 100 \ ml0 −100 ml. 



Significant figures

The first significant figure of a number is the first number which isn't zero and the second is the following digit and so on. When conducting an experiment it is important to write down the number of significant figures you have rounded to. When changing between different units it is important to round to the same number of significant figures.


Example

If the results from an experiment is 0.058 seconds0.058 \ seconds0.058 seconds and you are reporting data to one significant figure, the time will be recorded as 0.06 seconds0.06 \ seconds0.06 seconds.


In exam questions, it's important to round to the lowest number of significant figures given in the question.  



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Learn with Basics

Learn the basics with theory units and practise what you learned with exercise sets!
Length:
Processing and presenting data

Unit 1

Processing and presenting data

Jump Ahead

Score 80% to jump directly to the final unit.

Optional

Presenting results using tables and graphs

Unit 2

Presenting results using tables and graphs

Final Test

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FAQs - Frequently Asked Questions

How should data be presented in a table?

Recording data in a table allows you to record all the necessary information in an organised way. The variables being measured and the units used should be included in the column headers.

When is a scatter graph used?

A scatter graph is used for continuous data. Continuous data is data which can have an infinite value.

When is a bar graph used?

A bar graphs is used for showing categoric data sets. Categoric data fall into distinct categories or groups.

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