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Forming amides

Forming amides

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Explainer Video

Tutor: Alisha

Summary

Forming amides

​​In a nutshell

Amides are derivates of carboxylic acids. They have the functional group −CONH-CONH−CONH.
Amides have the suffix '-amide.' They can be made by reacting concentrated ammonia or primary amines with acyl chlorides.
​

Equations

These are general chemical equations. You will need to be able to use these when you write equations for specific substances.


​acyl chloride + ammonia→primary amide + hydrogen chlorideacyl chloride + primary amine→N−substituted amide + hydrogen chlorideacyl \ chloride \ + \ ammonia \rightarrow primary \ amide \ + \ hydrogen \ chloride \\ acyl \ chloride \ + \ primary \ amine \rightarrow N-substituted \ amide \ + \ hydrogen \ chlorideacyl chloride + ammonia→primary amide + hydrogen chlorideacyl chloride + primary amine→N−substituted amide + hydrogen chloride​​


​​​

Amides

Amides are derivates of carboxylic acids. They have the functional group −CONH-CONH−CONH. The reactivity of amides is different to amines because the carbonyl group in amides pull electron density towards itself, away from the nitrogen. There are primary amides and N-substituted amides.


Chemistry; Organic chemistry III; KS5 Year 12; Forming amides
1. Primary amide; 2. N-substituted amide.


Primary amides have two hydrogens attached to the nitrogen. N-substituted amides have one hydrogen attached to the nitrogen.



Naming amides

Amides have the suffix '-amide.' Substituted amides have the prefix 'N-alkyl,' where the alkyl chain is directly attached to the nitrogen atom of the amide.


Example 


Chemistry; Organic chemistry III; KS5 Year 12; Forming amides
N-methylpropanamide



Making amides

Amides can be produced by reacting concentrated ammonia or primary amines with acyl chlorides.


Primary amide


acyl chloride + ammonia→primary amide + hydrogen chlorideacyl \ chloride \ + \ ammonia \rightarrow primary \ amide \ + \ hydrogen \ chlorideacyl chloride + ammonia→primary amide + hydrogen chloride​​


Example 


​ethanoyl chloride + ammonia→ethanamide + hydrogen chlorideCH3COCl + NH3→CH3CONH2 + HClethanoyl \ chloride \ + \ ammonia \rightarrow ethanamide \ + \ hydrogen \ chloride \\CH_3COCl \ + \ NH_3 \rightarrow CH_3CONH_2 \ + \ HClethanoyl chloride + ammonia→ethanamide + hydrogen chlorideCH3​COCl + NH3​→CH3​CONH2​ + HCl​​

​​

N-substituted amide


​acyl chloride + primary amine→N−substituted amide + hydrogen chlorideacyl \ chloride \ + \ primary \ amine \rightarrow N-substituted \ amide \ + \ hydrogen \ chlorideacyl chloride + primary amine→N−substituted amide + hydrogen chloride​​


Example 


​propanoyl chloride + methylamine→N−methylpropanamide + hydrogen chlorideC3H7Cl + CH3NH2→C3H7CONHCH3 + HClpropanoyl \ chloride \ + \ methylamine \rightarrow N-methylpropanamide \ + \ hydrogen \ chloride \\C_3H_7Cl \ + \ CH_3NH_2 \rightarrow C_3H_7CONHCH_3 \ + \ HClpropanoyl chloride + methylamine→N−methylpropanamide + hydrogen chlorideC3​H7​Cl + CH3​NH2​→C3​H7​CONHCH3​ + HCl​​



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FAQs - Frequently Asked Questions

How can you make N-substituted amides from acyl chlorides?

N-substituted amides can be made by reacting primary amines with acyl chlorides.

How can you make primary amides from acyl chlorides?

Primary amides can be made by reacting concentrated ammonia with acyl chlorides.

What are amides?

Amides are derivates of carboxylic acids. They have the functional group −CONH.

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