Home

Chemistry

Amines and polymers

Forming amides

Forming amides

Videos

Summary

Exercises

Select Lesson

Exam Board

Select an option

Practical skills

The scientific method

How to plan experiments

Improving repeatability and reproducibility

Presenting results using tables and graphs

Analysing results: anomalies and correlation

Evaluating experiments

Organic synthesis and analysis

Synthetic routes

NMR spectroscopy

Proton NMR spectroscopy

Chromatography

Amino acids, proteins and DNA

Amino acids and zwitterions

Amino acids, proteins and enzymes

DNA structure and cis-platin

Aromatic chemistry, amines and polymers

Benzene: structure and combustion

Electrophilic substitution

Friedel-Crafts reactions

Aliphatic and aromatic amines

Reactions of amines

Forming amides

Condensation polymers

Polymer disposal

Isomerism and carbonyls

Optical isomers and chirality

Aldehydes and ketones

Carboxylic acids: properties and reactions

Esters: formation, properties and uses

Acyl chlorides: formation and reactions

Transition metals

Transition metals: electron configuration and oxidation number

Complex ions: formation, shape and isomerism

Colours of inorganic ions and complexes

Ligand substitution reactions

Redox titrations

Transition metals as catalysts

Metal-aqua ions

Period 3 elements

Period 3 elements and oxides

Acids and bases

Acids and bases

pH calculations

The ionic product of water

pH curves and indicators

Titration calculations

Buffer solutions and calculations

Electrode potentials and cells

Electrochemical cells and redox

Electrode potentials and calculations

The electrochemical series

Energy storage cells and hydrogen fuel cells

Rate equations

Measuring rates of reaction

Rate equations and the rate constant

Determining reaction orders

The initial rates method

The rate determining step

Activation energy and the Arrhenius equation

Partial pressure and gas equilibria

Le Chatelier's principle and equilibrium constants

Thermodynamics

Lattice enthalpies and Born-Haber cycles

Polarisation and the Pauling scale

Enthalpy change in solution

Entropy and calculating entropy change

Gibbs free energy change

Organic analysis

Testing for functional groups

Mass spectrometry

IR spectroscopy

Alkenes and alcohols

Alkenes: bonding and reactivity

Reactions of alkenes

Addition polymerisation

Alcohol: classification and reactions

Oxidation of alcohols

Ethanol production

Alkanes and halogenoalkanes

Alkanes and free radical substitution

Fractional distillation of crude oil

Fuels: combustion and emissions

Haloalkanes and the environment

Halogenoalkanes and their reactions

Organic chemistry - the basics

Basic concepts of organic chemistry

Organic reactions and mechanisms

Structural isomerism

Stereoisomerism

Group 2 and 7 elements

Group 2: ionisation energy and properties

Chemical properties of Group 7

Reactions with halogens

Halide ion reactions

Testing for ions

Kinetics, equilibria and redox

Collision theory and rates of reaction

Calculating the rate of reaction

Catalysts and the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution

Reversible reactions

Le Chatelier's principle

The equilibrium constant

Calculating oxidation numbers

Oxidation, reduction and redox reactions

Energetics

Enthalpy changes and reaction profiles

Standard enthalpy changes

Calculating bond enthalpies

Hess's Law and enthalpy cycles

Bonding

Ionic bonding

Covalent bonding

Shapes of molecules

Giant covalent and metallic structures

Predicting structures and properties

Electronegativity and polarisation

Intermolecular forces: types and examples

Hydrogen bonding

Amount of substance

The mole and Avogadro's constant

Calculations involving gases

Balancing equations

Acid-base titrations

Empirical and molecular formulae

Atom economy and percentage yield

Atomic structure

The atom: history, structure and isotopes

Relative masses and mass spectrometry

Electronic structure: shells and orbitals

Ionisation energies

Ionisation energy trends

Periodicity

Explainer Video

Tutor: Alisha

Summary

Forming amides

​​In a nutshell

Amides are derivates of carboxylic acids. They have the functional group −CONH-CONH−CONH.
Amides have the suffix '-amide.' They can be made by reacting concentrated ammonia or primary amines with acyl chlorides.
​

Equations

These are general chemical equations. You will need to be able to use these when you write equations for specific substances.


​acyl chloride + ammonia→primary amide + hydrogen chlorideacyl chloride + primary amine→N−substituted amide + hydrogen chlorideacyl \ chloride \ + \ ammonia \rightarrow primary \ amide \ + \ hydrogen \ chloride \\ acyl \ chloride \ + \ primary \ amine \rightarrow N-substituted \ amide \ + \ hydrogen \ chlorideacyl chloride + ammonia→primary amide + hydrogen chlorideacyl chloride + primary amine→N−substituted amide + hydrogen chloride​​


​​​

Amides

Amides are derivates of carboxylic acids. They have the functional group −CONH-CONH−CONH. The reactivity of amides is different to amines because the carbonyl group in amides pull electron density towards itself, away from the nitrogen. There are primary amides and N-substituted amides.


Chemistry; Organic chemistry III; KS5 Year 12; Forming amides
1. Primary amide; 2. N-substituted amide.


Primary amides have two hydrogens attached to the nitrogen. N-substituted amides have one hydrogen attached to the nitrogen.



Naming amides

Amides have the suffix '-amide.' Substituted amides have the prefix 'N-alkyl,' where the alkyl chain is directly attached to the nitrogen atom of the amide.


Example 


Chemistry; Organic chemistry III; KS5 Year 12; Forming amides
N-methylpropanamide



Making amides

Amides can be produced by reacting concentrated ammonia or primary amines with acyl chlorides.


Primary amide


acyl chloride + ammonia→primary amide + hydrogen chlorideacyl \ chloride \ + \ ammonia \rightarrow primary \ amide \ + \ hydrogen \ chlorideacyl chloride + ammonia→primary amide + hydrogen chloride​​


Example 


​ethanoyl chloride + ammonia→ethanamide + hydrogen chlorideCH3COCl + NH3→CH3CONH2 + HClethanoyl \ chloride \ + \ ammonia \rightarrow ethanamide \ + \ hydrogen \ chloride \\CH_3COCl \ + \ NH_3 \rightarrow CH_3CONH_2 \ + \ HClethanoyl chloride + ammonia→ethanamide + hydrogen chlorideCH3​COCl + NH3​→CH3​CONH2​ + HCl​​

​​

N-substituted amide


​acyl chloride + primary amine→N−substituted amide + hydrogen chlorideacyl \ chloride \ + \ primary \ amine \rightarrow N-substituted \ amide \ + \ hydrogen \ chlorideacyl chloride + primary amine→N−substituted amide + hydrogen chloride​​


Example 


​propanoyl chloride + methylamine→N−methylpropanamide + hydrogen chlorideC3H7Cl + CH3NH2→C3H7CONHCH3 + HClpropanoyl \ chloride \ + \ methylamine \rightarrow N-methylpropanamide \ + \ hydrogen \ chloride \\C_3H_7Cl \ + \ CH_3NH_2 \rightarrow C_3H_7CONHCH_3 \ + \ HClpropanoyl chloride + methylamine→N−methylpropanamide + hydrogen chlorideC3​H7​Cl + CH3​NH2​→C3​H7​CONHCH3​ + HCl​​



Read more

Learn with Basics

Learn the basics with theory units and practise what you learned with exercise sets!
Length:
Hydrocarbons and crude oil

Unit 1

Hydrocarbons and crude oil

Alcohols and carboxylic acids

Unit 2

Alcohols and carboxylic acids

Jump Ahead

Score 80% to jump directly to the final unit.

Optional

This is the current lesson and goal (target) of the path

Forming amides

Unit 3

Forming amides

Final Test

Test reviewing all units to claim a reward planet.

Create an account to complete the exercises

FAQs - Frequently Asked Questions

How can you make N-substituted amides from acyl chlorides?

N-substituted amides can be made by reacting primary amines with acyl chlorides.

How can you make primary amides from acyl chlorides?

Primary amides can be made by reacting concentrated ammonia with acyl chlorides.

What are amides?

Amides are derivates of carboxylic acids. They have the functional group −CONH.

©2020 - 2024 evulpo AG

Beta