Standard enthalpy changes
In a nutshell
There are four key standard enthalpy changes to learn. Using this knowledge and the understanding of the specific heat formula, enthalpy changes can be calculated from experimental data. Data can be recorded using calorimetry, a method to measure changes in heat.
Equations
Word equation | Symbol equation |
heat energy=mass of water×specific heat capacity×change in temperature | q=mcΔT |
Constants
constant | symbol | value |
specific heat capacity of water | | 4.18 J g−1 K−1 |
Variable units
Quantity name | SYMBOL | unit name | UNIT |
change in heat | q | | |
mass of water/solution | | | |
temperature change of water/solution | | kelvin or degrees celcius | K or oC |
Types of standard enthalpy changes
Symbol | enthalpy change | definition |
ΔrHθ | Standard enthalpy change of reaction | An enthalpy change for a reaction where compounds have their molar quantities in the equation (under standard conditions) |
ΔfHθ | Standard enthalpy change of formation | An enthalpy change for a reaction where one mole of a compound forms from its individual elements in standard states (under standard conditions) |
ΔcHθ | Standard enthalpy change of combustion | An enthalpy change for a reaction where one mole of a compound is fully combusted in oxygen (under standard conditions) |
ΔneutHθ | Standard enthalpy change of neutralisation | An enthalpy change for a reaction where one mole of water is formed from a reaction between an acid and alkali (under standard conditions) |
Examples
Standard enthalpy change of reaction, ΔrHθ:
2H2+O2→2H2O
Formation of water
Standard enthalpy change of formation,ΔfHθ:
C+2H2→CH4
Formation of methane
Standard enthalpy change of combustion, ΔcHθ:
C3H8+5O2→3CO2+4H2O
Combustion of propane
Standard enthalpy change of neutralisation, ΔneutHθ:
CH3COOH+NaOH→CH3COONa+H2O
Reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide
Measuring enthalpy changes
Calorimetry can be used to measure enthalpy changes during a reaction.
When the reactants are solids and liquids a calorimetry experiment can be carried out by adding the reaction mixture to a polystyrene cup. A thermometer should be in the mixture with a lid fastened to the top of the cup. Once the reaction has started, the thermometer is read at time intervals to measure changes in temperature.
When one of the reactants is a gas a calorimetry experiment can be carried out using a calorimeter. This will measure enthalpy changes for reactions where gases are produced e.g. combustion. The fuel will be burnt and there is a surrounding chamber of water with a stirrer and a thermometer. The temperature changes of the water are measured to determine the changes in heat for a reaction.
Specific heat formula
DEFINITION
The specific heat capacity of water is the heat energy, q required to increase the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 K. This has a value of 4.18 Jg−1K−1.
To calculate an enthalpy change during a reaction, you need to know the change in temperature, the mass of the solution and the specific heat capacity. This can be input into the specific heat formula. You also need to know the number of moles of reactants and products to work out the enthalpy change. Heat change is equal to enthalpy change when carried out at constant pressure so you can convert between the two.
q=mcΔT
Note: ΔT can be measured in K or oC as the difference will be the same for both units of temperature.
Calculating standard enthalpy changes
Standard enthalpy changes can be calculated from experimental data using the specific heat formula (q=mcΔT).
Note: Enthalpy changes are required in units of kJ mol−1 so q must be converted into kJ.
Example:
50 cm3 of 2 mol dm−3 CH3COOH was added to a beaker and neutralised using 50 cm3 of 2 mol dm−3 NaOH. There was a temperature increase from 17.2 oC to 28.4 oC. Assuming that c=4.18 Jg−1K−1 and d=1 gcm−3, calculate ΔneutHθ for the reaction in kJ mol−1.
PROCEDURE
1. | Work out the neutralisation chemical equation |
2. | Calculate the mass of the solution |
3. | Input numbers into heat equation |
4. | Calculate the moles of water |
5. | Divide q in kJ by the moles |
6. | Consider if exothermic or endothermic |
1. ΔneutHθ forms one mole of water so reactants and products in 1:1 ratio:
CH3COOH+NaOH→CH3COONa+H2O
2. Add volumes of reactants together and work out mass:
50 cm3+50 cm3=100 cm3
100 cm3×1 g cm−3=100 g
3. Plug in numbers and convert from J to kJ:
q=mcΔT
q=100×4.18×(28.4−17.2)
q=4681.6 J/1000
q=4.68 kJ
4. Work out moles of NaOH as 1:1 ratio with water:
n(NaOH)=2×100050
n(NaOH)=0.1 moles
5. Work out ΔneutHθ in units of kJ mol−1:
ΔneutHθ=nq
ΔneutHθ=0.14.68
ΔneutHθ=46.8 kJ mol−1
6. Temperature increased so this is an exothermic reaction and enthalpy change is negative:
Therefore the answer is ΔneutHθ=−46.8 kJ mol−1
Note: An endothermic reaction would have a positive ΔHθ instead.