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Measuring rates of reaction
Determining reaction orders
The initial rates method
Rate equations and the rate constant
The rate determining step
Activation energy and the Arrhenius equation
Equilibrium constant calculations
Partial pressure and gas equilibria
Le Chatelier's principle and equilibrium constants
Enthalpy changes and reaction profiles
Standard enthalpy changes
Calculating bond enthalpies
Hess's Law and enthalpy cycles
Collision theory and rates of reaction
Calculating the rate of reaction
Catalysts and the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
Reversible reactions
Le Chatelier's principle
The equilibrium constant
The atom: history, structure and isotopes
Relative masses and mass spectrometry
The mole and Avogadro's constant
Calculations involving gases
Empirical and molecular formulae
Balancing equations
Formulae for crystals and salts
Acid-base titrations
Atom economy and percentage yield
Calculating oxidation numbers
Oxidation, reduction and redox reactions
Electrons repel each other in an atom.
The lone pair/lone pair electron arrangement has the largest bond angle in a molecule.
The shape of a molecule depends on the electron pair arrangement around the central atom. The number of pairs of electrons around the central influences the arrangement.
Beta