Diversity can be investigated using new technology that provides insights at a molecular level. Variation can be investigated using mean and standard deviation.

Evolutionary relationships

Technological advances have led to improvements in classification and the determination of evolutionary relationships. These advanced technologies allow scientists to more accurately estimate genetic diversity in a population.

Technique	Description
Genome sequencing	Sequencing DNA is a way of determining the order of bases in an organism. This can then be compared to another organism to determine how closely related they are. A high similarity in the order of bases suggests a close evolutionary relationship.
Comparing amino acid sequences	Closely related organisms will also have a similar sequence of amino acids in their proteins (as they have similar DNA sequences). The more similar the sequence of amino acids between two organisms, the more closely related they are likely to be.
Immunological comparisons	Similar proteins in different organisms will bind to the same antibodies (as they have the same primary structure and therefore tertiary structure). Antibodies from one organism can be added to proteins of another organism, if they are closely related then the antibodies will bind.

Variation

Definition

Variation refers to the differences that exist between individuals of the same species or different species. There are different ways you can work out variation between samples and within samples.

Random sample

When studying variation of large populations, it would be too time-consuming to collect data from every individual. Therefore, scientists use samples as a model for the whole population.

As the sample is used to make inferences about the whole population, it must be representative. To do this, the sample should be picked randomly and all results should be analysed using statistical tests. Both of these methods prevent bias and ensure the variation isn't due to chance.

Mean

The mean, or the average, of the values can then be calculated to indicate if there is variation between samples.

Normally, there will be values either side of the mean, this creates a bell-shaped graph known as the normal distribution. A normal distribution is symmetrical around the mean.

Biology; Biodiversity and variation; KS5 Year 12; Investigating diversity — 1. Mean, 2. Bell-shaped curve.

Standard deviation

Whilst the mean tells you about variation between samples, the standard deviation tells you about variation within a sample. A large standard deviation means the values in the sample vary a lot and the opposite is true for small standard deviations.

The formula for standard deviation is:

$s=\sqrt{ {\sum (x-\overline x)^2}\over n-1}$

$s$	Standard deviation.
$\sum$	Sigma, meaning sum of.
$x$	Value in the data set.
$\overline x$	The mean.
$n$	Number of values.

Example

Using the table, calculate the standard deviation of head circumferences of four newborn babies.

Person	Head circumference ( $cm$ )
A	$35$
B	$42$
C	$34$
D	$36$

Work out the mean ( $\overline x$ ):

${{35 + 42+ 34+ 36} \over 4 }= 36.75$

Work out $(x-\overline x)^2$ for each baby:

$A: (35-36.75)^2 = 3.0625 \newline B: (42-36.75)^2 = 27.5625 \newline C: (34-36.75)^2 = 7.5625 \newline D: (36-36.75)^2 = 0.5625 \newline$

Find the sum:

$3.0625+27.5625+7.5625+0.5625=38.75$

Divide by $n-1$ :

${38.75\over 4-1 }=12.91 \.{6}$

Square root:

$\sqrt{12.91\.{6}} =3.59$

$\underline{Therefore,\ the\ standard\ deviation\ of\ head\ circumference\ is\ 3.59\ cm.}$

Learn with Basics

Length:

Unit 1

Types and sources of variation

Unit 2

Types of variation, causes and calculations

Jump Ahead

Optional

Unit 3