Home

Biology

Disease and the immune system

Human and plant defences against pathogens

Human and plant defences against pathogens

Videos

Summary

Exercises

Select Lesson

Exam Board

Select an option

Practical skills

Experimental design and identifying variables
Processing and presenting data
Drawing conclusions and evaluations

Ecosystems

Energy and ecosystems
Changes in ecosystems
Human effects on ecosystems

Control systems

Homeostasis and negative feedback
Chemical control in mammals
Chemical control in plants
The structure of the nervous system
Transmission of nerve impulses
Effects of drugs on the nervous system
Detection of light by mammals

Origins of genetic variation

Factors impacting genetic diversity
Inheritance: monohybrid, dihybrid and co-dominance

Modern genetics

Gene sequencing and genome projects
Factors affecting gene expression
Stem cells: Types and use in medicine
Recombinant DNA technology

Microbiology and pathogens

Culturing microorganisms and growth curves
The pathogenic effect of bacteria
Types of antibiotics and their action
Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
Other pathogenic agents: fungi, viruses and protists
Problems of controlling endemic diseases
The immune system

Energy for biological processes

Respiration: definition and glycolysis
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration in mammals, plants and yeast
Photosynthetic pigments
Stages of photosynthesis and chloroplast structure
Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis

Exchange and transport

Surface area to volume ratio and gas exchange
Cell membrane structure and permeability
Simple and facilitated diffusion
Osmosis and investigating water potential
Active transport and co-transport
Gas exchange in fish, insects, plants and humans
Mammalian circulatory system and blood vessels
Haemoglobin and the Bohr effect
Heart structure and the cardiac cycle
Heart rate regulation and electrocardiograms
Transport in plants - xylem
Transport in plants - phloem

Classification and biodiversity

Classification: phylogeny and taxonomy
Types of natural selection
Biodiversity: The index of diversity and agriculture

Cells, viruses and reproduction of living things

Eukaryotic cell structures
Prokaryotic cell structures and viruses
Viral life cycle, replication and control
The cell cycle and mitosis
Meiosis, genetic variation and mutations
Sexual reproduction in mammals
Sexual reproduction in plants

Biological molecules

Carbohydrates: types, structure and function
The structure and function of lipids
The structure and function of proteins
Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA
DNA replication
DNA, genes and chromosomes
RNA, protein synthesis and the genetic code
Enzymes: activation energy, properties and structure
Factors affecting enzyme activity
Inorganic ions: iron, hydrogen, sodium and phosphate
The properties and functions of water

Explainer Video

Loading...
Tutor: Jasmine

Summary

Human and plant defences against pathogens

In a nutshell

Animals have many physical and chemical barriers that prevent infection from occurring before the immune system detects a pathogen. These barriers are primary, non-specific defences. Plants also have defences against pathogens which can be either chemical or physical. 

 


Animal barriers

These barriers are the initial defences used by animals when they encounter a pathogen or the pathogen has managed to enter the body.


Defence

Description

Skin
The skin is a physical barrier that blocks pathogens from entering the body. The skin can also be a chemical barrier by producing antimicrobial chemicals that lower pH. 
Mucous membranes
Mucous membranes protect body openings that are exposed to the environment, such as the mouth and the nostrils. These membranes secrete mucus that traps pathogens and has antimicrobial enzymes.
Blood clotting
Blood clots are made up of a protein called fibrin: these are fibres that have a mesh formation. They are formed by a series of chemical reactions when platelets in the blood are exposed to damaged blood vessels.
Inflammation
Inflammation causes swelling, pain, redness and heat. When tissues get damaged, they release molecules that increase the permeability of blood vessels, causing them to leak fluid. This is what causes swelling and allows pathogens that may have entered the damaged tissue to be isolated. These molecules also cause vasodilation, which increases blood flow and explains why the area is hot. 
Wound repair
The skin can repair itself if it gets injured: this protects it from pathogens. The surface is repaired when the outer layer of skin cells divide and migrate to the edge of a wound. The tissue underneath the wound then contracts which brings the edges of the wound closer. Collagen fibres then repair the wound. 

Curiosity: When too many collagen fibres repair a wound it forms a scar.
Expulsive reflexes
Expulsive forces include coughing and sneezing. A cough occurs when the respiratory tract gets irritated, equally, a sneeze occurs when the mucous membranes in the nostrils get irritated by dust or dirt. Both coughing and sneezing are your body's way of automatically expelling foreign objects such as pathogens. 

​

​

Plant defences 

Physical defences 

Plants also have physical defences that protect them from infection by pathogens.


Feature

Description

Waxy cuticle
The waxy cuticle provides a physical barrier against pathogen entry. It also stops water from collecting on the leaf, which prevents infections that are transmitted in water from infecting the plant. 
Cell walls
Plant cell walls form a physical barrier against pathogens that make it past the waxy cuticle.
Callose
Callose is a polysaccharide that gets deposited between plant cell walls and plasma membranes during periods of stress such as infection by pathogens. The deposition of callose makes it harder for pathogens to enter cells. When callose gets deposited at the plasmodesmata, viruses are less likely to infect the plant.



Chemical defences

Plants also produce antimicrobial compounds that can kill pathogens or inhibit their growth, such as antibiotics. Plants can also secrete chemicals that are toxic to plants: this prevents insects from feeding on them and transmitting infections carried by insect vectors.  


Examples

Antimicrobial compound

Description

Saponins
Saponins destroy the cell membranes of fungi.
Phytoalexins
Phytoalexins inhibit the growth of fungi and other pathogens.


Read more

Learn with Basics

Learn the basics with theory units and practise what you learned with exercise sets!
Length:
Plant adaptations

Unit 1

Plant adaptations

Plant defences and diseases

Unit 2

Plant defences and diseases

Jump Ahead

Score 80% to jump directly to the final unit.

Optional

Human and plant defences against pathogens

Unit 3

Human and plant defences against pathogens

Final Test

Test reviewing all units to claim a reward planet.

Create an account to complete the exercises

FAQs - Frequently Asked Questions

How does sneezing and coughing prevent infection?

Both coughing and sneezing are your body's way of automatically expelling foreign objects such as pathogens.

How do phytoalexins protect plants from infection?

Phytoalexins inhibit the growth of fungi and other pathogens.

How does the skin protect against infection?

The skin is a physical barrier that blocks pathogens from entering the body. The skin can also be a chemical barrier by producing antimicrobial chemicals that lower pH.

©2020 - 2024 evulpo AG

Beta