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Investigating limiting factors of photosynthesis

Investigating limiting factors of photosynthesis

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Explainer Video

Tutor: Holly

Summary

Investigating limiting factors of photosynthesis

In a nutshell

The impact of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis can be investigated by measuring the amount of oxygen an aquatic plant produces in a set amount of time. Light intensity can be changed by moving a lamp closer or further away from the plant. The more oxygen that is produced, the greater the rate of photosynthesis. 


Equations

This is the word and symbol equation for photosynthesis. It is important you recognise this equation as you are investigating the rate at which photosynthesis is happening.


Word equation

symbol equation

​carbon dioxide+water→glucose+oxygencarbon \space dioxide + water \rightarrow glucose + oxygencarbon dioxide+water→glucose+oxygen​​
​6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O26CO_2 + 6H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_26CO2​+6H2​O→C6​H12​O6​+6O2​​​​


Equipment list

The following equipment can be used to investigate the impact of light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature on the rate of photosynthesis. 


Equipment

Use

Beaker
To hold the water and pondweed in.
Sodium hydrogen carbonate solution
To release carbon dioxide into the solution and ensure the carbon dioxide concentration is not a limiting factor of photosynthesis.
Filter funnel
To place on top of the pondweed and push the oxygen bubbles up to the boiling tube.
Boiling tube
To be placed on top of the funnel and trap the oxygen that is produced.
Freshly cut piece of pondweed (10 cm10\ cm10 cm)
This is the plant that will be photosynthesising.
Light source
This will be providing the light energy for photosynthesis.
Meter ruler
To measure the distance between the light source and the plant.
Stop watch
To measure the time.
Thermometer
To ensure the temperature remains constant.



Experiment 1: Investigate the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis


Experimental variables

Every experiment will have an independent, dependent and constant variable. The independent variable is the variable that you change. The dependent variable is the variable which depends on the independent variable, therefore it is the one you measure. The control variable is the variable that is kept the same during the experiments.


Independent variable
​Distance between the light source and the pondweed.Distance\space between\space the\space light\space source\space and\space the\space pondweed.Distance between the light source and the pondweed.​​
Dependent variable
​Amount of oxygen produced (measured as the number of bubbles produced).Amount\space of\space oxygen\space produced\space (measured\space as\space the\space number\space of\space bubbles\space produced).Amount of oxygen produced (measured as the number of bubbles produced).​​
Control variables
​Temperature, length of the plant, carbon dioxide concentration and the amount of water in the beaker.Temperature,\space length\space of\space the\space plant,\space carbon\space dioxide\space concentration\space\\ and\space the\space amount\space of\space water\space in\space the\space beaker.Temperature, length of the plant, carbon dioxide concentration and the amount of water in the beaker.​​


Safety precautions

When carrying out experiments it is very important to consider the safety precautions so nobody gets hurt.


Hazard

Risk

Safety measure

Lamp
The lamp may get hot and burn you.
Don't touch the bulb of the lamp. Move the lamp by the base.


Method

Biology; Biology practicals; KS4 Year 10; Investigating limiting factors of photosynthesis


1.
Set up the equipment as shown in the diagram, ensuring the lamp is a set distance away from the beaker containing the pondweed. This may be around 10 cm10\ cm10 cm​.
2.
Switch the light on.
3.
In a table, record the number of bubbles produced in one minute.
4.
Repeat this three times.
5.
Repeat the experiment with increasing distances of the plant from the light source.

Examples
 20 cm20\ cm20 cm​, 30 cm30\ cm30 cm​​, 40 cm40\ cm40 cm​​ and 50 cm50\ cm50 cm​.


Analysis

This is how you would use your data to form conclusions. At this stage you should have three values for the number of bubbles for each distance you have chosen.


1.

​Using the data you collected in the experiment, calculate the mean number of bubbles for the original lamp position.

​mean=bubbles produced in repeat 1 + bubbles produced in repeat 2 + bubbles produced in repeat 33\text{mean} = \frac{\text{bubbles produced in repeat 1 + bubbles produced in repeat 2 + bubbles produced in repeat 3}}{3}mean=3bubbles produced in repeat 1 + bubbles produced in repeat 2 + bubbles produced in repeat 3​​​

2.

Calculate the mean number of bubbles for each distance.

3.

Use this data to plot a graph. The dependent variable, number of bubbles produced, is plotted on the yyy​-axis and the independent variable, the distance between the light source and the pondweed, is plotted on the xxx-axis.​


Conclusion

Your results should show a negative correlation between the number of bubbles produced and the distance of the pondweed from the lamp. This means that as the distance between the lamp and the pondweed increases, the number of bubbles decreases. 


This increased distance represents a decrease in light intensity. Therefore, the results of the experiment should show that as light intensity decreases, so does the amount of oxygen being produced. This reflects a decrease in the rate of photosynthesis as less oxygen is being produced.


Biology; Biology practicals; KS4 Year 10; Investigating limiting factors of photosynthesis

Evaluation

After completing the experiment, you must comment on the quality of your data. You should also think about how your method could be improved. 


A common source of error is incorrectly measuring the distance between the lamp and the pondweed. You should use a ruler and be careful with your measurements. The pondweed may have a different number of leaves and this could impact the rate of photosynthesis even if they are cut to the same length. 


Another common source of error is not changing the water between repeats. Temperature also impacts the rate of photosynthesis, therefore it is a control variable in this experiment. As the bulb may heat the water slightly, this should be changed between repeats.



Experiment 2: Investigate the effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis

The experiment above can be adapted to investigate the effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis.


Experimental variables

Independent variable
​Amount of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution.Amount\space of\space sodium\space hydrogen\space carbonate\space solution.Amount of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution.​​
Dependent variable
​Amount of oxygen produced (measured as the number of bubbles produced).Amount\space of\space oxygen\space produced\space (measured\space as\space the\space number\space of\space bubbles\space produced).Amount of oxygen produced (measured as the number of bubbles produced).​​
Control variables
​Temperature, length of the plant, light intensity and the amountofwater in the beaker.Temperature,\space length\space of\space the\space plant,\space light\space intensity\space and\space the\space amount\newline of water\space in\space the\space beaker.Temperature, length of the plant, light intensity and the amountofwater in the beaker.​​


Method

You should repeat experiment one but instead of changing the position of the lamp, you should change the amount of sodium hydrogen carbonate in the beaker. In one repeat you should use 0.5 g0.5\ g0.5 g​ of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. In a second repeat you should use 1g1g1g​ sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. You can increase the amount of sodium hydrogen carbonate by 0.5 g0.5\ g0.5 g each time. In a final repeat, you should use distilled water with no sodium hydrogen carbonate.


Analysis

Repeat the same analysis for experiment one, except the xxx-axis of your graph should be the concentration of sodium hydrogen carbonate as this is the new independent variable.​


Conclusion

Your results should show a positive correlation between the number of bubbles produced and the concentration of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. This means that as the concentration of sodium hydrogen carbonate increases, the rate of photosynthesis also increases as more oxygen is being produced. 


The sodium hydrogen carbonate increases the concentration of carbon dioxide in the water. This means that as the amount of sodium hydrogen carbonate increases, so does the amount of carbon dioxide available for photosynthesis.


Biology; Biology practicals; KS4 Year 10; Investigating limiting factors of photosynthesis


Evaluation

You should repeat the same process as in experiment one to evaluate your data.



Experiment 3: Investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis

Experiment one can be adapted to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis.


Experimental variables

Independent variable
​Temperature of the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution.Temperature\space of\space the\space sodium\space hydrogen\space carbonate\space solution.Temperature of the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution.​​
Dependent variable
​Amount of oxygen produced (measured as the number of bubbles produced).Amount\space of\space oxygen\space produced\space (measured\space as\space the\space number\space of\space bubbles\space produced).Amount of oxygen produced (measured as the number of bubbles produced).​​
Control variables
​Length of the plant, light intensity, sodium hydrogen carbonate concentration and the amount of water in the beaker.Length\space of\space the\space plant,\space light\space intensity,\space sodium\space hydrogen\space carbonate\space concentration\space \\and\space the\space amount\space of\space water\space in\space the\space beaker.Length of the plant, light intensity, sodium hydrogen carbonate concentration and the amount of water in the beaker.​​


Method

You should repeat experiment one but instead of changing the position of the lamp, you should change the temperature of the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution in the beaker. In one repeat you could use sodium hydrogen carbonate solution with a temperature of 20 °C20\ \degree C20 °C. For each repeat you could increase the temperature in 5 °C5\ \degree C5 °C increments. ​


Analysis

Repeat the same analysis for experiment one, except the xxx-axis of your graph should be the temperature of the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution as this is the new independent variable.


Conclusion

Your results should show a positive correlation between the number of bubbles produced and the temperature of the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. This means that as the temperature of sodium hydrogen carbonate increases, the rate of photosynthesis also increases as the enzymes involved in photosynthesis will work quicker. However, at higher temperatures, the enzymes may denature so the rate of photosynthesis will drop. 


Biology; Biology practicals; KS4 Year 10; Investigating limiting factors of photosynthesis


Evaluation

You should repeat the same process as in experiment one to evaluate your data. 

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Photosynthesis and plant adaptations

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Photosynthesis and plant adaptations

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Investigating limiting factors of photosynthesis

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Investigating limiting factors of photosynthesis

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FAQs - Frequently Asked Questions

How can you adapt the light intensity method to measure the impact of carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis?

To adapt the light intensity method to measure the impact of carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis you should change the amount of sodium hydrogen carbonate in the beaker.

What should the results of an investigation of the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis show?

The results of an investigation of the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis should show that as the distance between the lamp and the pondweed increases, the number of bubbles decreases.

What is the independent variable when investigating the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?

The independent variable is the variable that you change. So, the independent variable when investigating the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis is the distance between the light source and the pondweed.

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