Stem cells in medicine
Select Lesson
Exam Board
Select an option
Biology practicals
Investigating specimens using microscopes
Investigating the effect of pH on amylase activity
Investigating molecules in food using food tests
Investigating osmosis in potatoes
Investigating the effect of antimicrobials
Investigating limiting factors of photosynthesis
Investigating the rate of respiration
Using field-work techniques
Ecosystems and material cycles
Exchange and transport in animals
Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Plant structures and their functions
Health, disease and the development of medicines
The relationship between health and disease
Communicable disease
Sexually transmitted infections
How the body fights disease
Vaccination, immunisation and medicines
Aseptic techniques
Drug development and testing
Monoclonal antibodies and their uses - Higher
Non-communicable diseases
Calculating BMI and the waist-to-hip ratio
Cardiovascular disease and treatment
Plant defences and diseases
Natural selection and genetic modification
Genetics
Cells and control
Key concepts
Practical skills
Explainer Video
Summary
Stem cells in medicine
In a nutshell
Stem cells are cells that have not become specialised yet. They can be used in transplants and in therapeutic cloning as a way to treat many medical conditions. Stem cell treatments come with many issues, therefore they raise many scientific, ethical and social questions.
Stem cell transplants
Transplants of the bone marrow, which contains stem cells, have been carried out since . There are very few stem cells in the bone marrow, which is why they are instead isolated from the blood. Blood left in the umbilical cord and placenta after a baby is born is a source of stem cells. This blood is easy to collect and store.
Rejection of stem cell transplants
Rejection of stem cell transplants by a patient's immune system is a problem. One way to avoid this problem is to find a close match between donor and patient such as siblings. Another way to avoid transplant rejection is to give the patient drugs that suppress their immune system. These are known as immunosuppressants.
Therapeutic cloning
Definition
Therapeutic cloning is a way to produce stem cells with the same genes as the patient, ensuring they would not be rejected by their immune system. The process involves nuclear transfer.
Note: There is no evidence that this has been used to treat any humans as of yet.
| 1. | A human egg cell. |
| 2. | Patient's body cell. |
| 3. | The nucleus is removed from the egg cell. |
| 4. | A nucleus from a patient's body cell is placed into an egg that has had its nucleus removed. |
| 5. | The cells are stimulated to divide. |
| 6. | An embryo is produced and is allowed to grow. |
| 7. | After , the stem cells are removed. |
| 8. | Stem cells from the embryo are cultured. The stem cells are used to treat the patient and the embryo is discarded. |
Scientific, ethical and social questions
Many questions arise from stem cell therapy. One important scientific question that must be considered is 'how successful might these therapies be?'. There are safety concerns, as stem cells kept in culture can show similarities to cancer cells, after around divisions mutations in the cells have been observed and it is possible for viruses to be transferred to these stem cells.
There are also ethical questions such as 'Is it morally right to create an embryo with the intent of destroying it?'. Some people consider an embryo a human life and would therefore disagree with stem cell therapy.
Social questions such as considering whether the benefits outweigh the objections and the requirement for further public education on this issue have arisen.
FAQs - Frequently Asked Questions
What is nuclear transfer?
Nuclear transfer is when a nucleus from a patient's body cell is placed into an egg that has had its nucleus removed.
What is therapeutic cloning?
Therapeutic cloning is a way to produce stem cells with the same genes as the patient, ensuring they would not be rejected by their immune system. The process involves nuclear transfer.
How can you avoid transplant rejection?
One way to avoid this problem is to find a close match between donor and patient such as siblings. Another way to avoid transplant rejection is to give the patient drugs that suppress their immune system.
What are stem cells?
Stem cells are cells have not become specialised yet.