Plant adaptations
Select Lesson
Exam Board
Select an option
Biology practicals
Investigating specimens using microscopes
Investigating the effect of pH on amylase activity
Investigating molecules in food using food tests
Investigating osmosis in potatoes
Investigating the effect of antimicrobials
Investigating limiting factors of photosynthesis
Investigating the rate of respiration
Using field-work techniques
Ecosystems and material cycles
Exchange and transport in animals
Animal coordination, control and homeostasis
Plant structures and their functions
Health, disease and the development of medicines
The relationship between health and disease
Communicable disease
Sexually transmitted infections
How the body fights disease
Vaccination, immunisation and medicines
Aseptic techniques
Drug development and testing
Monoclonal antibodies and their uses - Higher
Non-communicable diseases
Calculating BMI and the waist-to-hip ratio
Cardiovascular disease and treatment
Plant defences and diseases
Natural selection and genetic modification
Genetics
Cells and control
Key concepts
Practical skills
Explainer Video
Summary
Plant adaptations
In a nutshell
Leaves are adapted to carry out photosynthesis efficiently. They also have adaptations to increase the efficiency of gas exchange. Some plants grow in extreme conditions, such as dry conditions, waterlogged soil and tropical conditions, therefore they must adapt in order to survive.
Adaptations for photosynthesis
Leaves are adapted to carry out photosynthesis efficiently. These adaptations are shown below.
| | Adaptation | Description |
| 1. | Transparent waxy cuticle | Also allows light to pass through to the chloroplasts. |
| 2. | Transparent epidermis cells | Allows light to pass through to the chloroplasts. |
| 3. | Tightly packed mesophyll cells | Palisade mesophyll cells are located at the top of the leaf and they contain lots of chloroplasts which maximises photosynthesis. |
| 4. | Thin leaves | The leaf is thin so air surrounds most of the cells. This means gas exchange can take place over a larger surface area. |
| 5. | Phloem | The phloem tubes transport the glucose that is made during photosynthesis away from the leaf. |
| 6. | Xylem | The xylem tubes transport water from the roots to the leaf for photosynthesis. |
| 7. | Stomata | These pores allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf from the air and oxygen to diffuse out of the cells. |
| 8. | Internal air spaces | These increase the surface area for gas exchange. |
Dry condition adaptations
Some plants live in dry conditions with little water so they must adapt in order to carry out photosynthesis and survive.
Example
Marram grass is a type of plant that grows on sand dunes. These are often windy and do not hold much water. They have adaptations to help them survive in these conditions.
| | Adaptation | Description |
| 1. | Waxy cuticle | Reduces water loss from the leaves. |
| 2. | Stomata in pits | Reduces water loss as they are not exposed. |
| 3. | Leaf hairs | These trap water vapour around the stomata which reduces water loss. |
| 4. | Rolled leaf | The rolled leaves reduce air movement around the stomata. Reducing the air movement increases the humidity which reduces diffusion of water vapour. |
Tropical conditions adaptations
Plants that live in tropical conditions need to adapt to wetter and darker conditions. They may have larger leaves in order to get as much light as possible for photosynthesis. They may also have 'drip tips' which are leaves with pointed tips. These allow water to run off the leaf.
Waterlogged soil adaptations
Plants that live in waterlogged soil may struggle to respire as these conditions have reduced oxygen given the lack of air spaces in the soil. To overcome this they have spongy tissue in their roots that stores oxygen and surface roots that allow them to take up oxygen from the surface of the waterlogged soil.
FAQs - Frequently Asked Questions
What does the phloem do?
The phloem tubes transport the glucose that is made during photosynthesis away from the leaf.
What is one way that leaves are adapted for photosynthesis?
One adaptation of leaves are their palisade mesophyll cells that are located at the top of the leaf and they contain lots of chloroplasts which maximises photosynthesis.
How are plants adapted to waterlogged soil?
Plants that live in waterlogged soil may struggle to respire as these conditions have reduced oxygen given the lack of air spaces in the soil. To overcome this they have spongy tissue in their roots that stores oxygen.
How are plants adapted to tropical conditions?
Plants that live in tropical conditions need to adapt to wet and darker conditions. They may have larger leaves in order to get as much light as possible for photosynthesis. They may also have 'drip tips' which are leaves with pointed tips. These allow water to run off the leaf.