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Investigating specimens using microscopes
Investigating the effect of antimicrobials
Investigating osmosis in potatoes
Investigating the effect of pH on amylase activity
Investigating molecules in food using food tests
Investigating limiting factors of photosynthesis
Investigating human reaction times
Investigating seed growth under different conditions
Using field-work techniques
Investigating the effect of temperature on decay
Ecosystems, competition and environmental changes
Adaptations and extremophiles
Food chains and predator-prey graphs
The water cycle
The carbon cycle
Decomposition and biogas
Human impacts on biodiversity
Global warming and its consequences
Conservation and maintaining biodiversity
Trophic levels and biomass transfer
Food security and biotechnology
DNA: structure, genes and chromosomes
Protein synthesis - Higher
Proteins and mutations
Meiosis, sexual and asexual reproduction
Sexual and asexual reproduction
Inheritance and genetic diagrams
Inherited disorders
Types and sources of variation
Evolution by natural selection
Evolution: Darwin, Lamarck and Wallace
Antibiotic resistance: causes and prevention
Selective breeding
Uses and evaluation of genetic engineering
The process of genetic engineering - Higher
Cloning in plants and animals
Fossils as evidence for evolution
The theory of speciation
Classifying living organisms
Homeostasis and blood glucose
The nervous system and the reflex arc
The structure of the brain
The eye: structure, reflexes and defects
Controlling body temperature
The human endocrine system
Hormones: adrenaline and thyroxine - Higher
The urinary system
Hormones in human reproduction
Treating infertility - Higher
Plant hormones
Cell organisation
Enzymes
The enzymes of the digestive system
The respiratory system and breathing rate
Human circulatory system
Cardiovascular disease and treatment
The relationship between health and disease
Non-communicable diseases
Cancer and its risk factors
Plant cell organisation
Water and mineral transport in plants
Gene therapies may involve introducing a new gene or "turning on" an existing gene which would produce a response that effectively fights the condition, introducing a non-damaged copy of a gene or "turning off" the faulty gene causing the condition, which would either prevent the faulty gene from working or fixing the fault that is causing the condition by replacing the faulty base sequence in the gene with the normal base sequence.
The Human Genome Project has had many important uses such as: improving our understanding of hereditary medical conditions, finding new mutations in genes that might be associated with diseases and enabling doctors to order genetic tests and alert people that are at risk of particular genetic conditions.
The Human Genome Project set out to map the complete set of genes in DNA of humans, which is also called the genome of humans.
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